Nostovia's New Airport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nostovia's New Airport - Essay Example Since the airport is being modernized, therefore it will help if the NAA is able to manage the supply chain of this equipment in such a manner that the airport gets user-friendly baggage carts, tow trucks, and other loading equipment. The Supply chain for procuring this equipment can be drawn as; Â  Supply chain management (SCM) in general involves managing complex flow of information, materials, and money across multiple functional areas both within and among companies (Faisal et al, 2006). Efficient management of the supply chain helps in value addition in the final product, which ultimately leads to customer satisfaction. Quality of the services provided is ultimately assessed by the visitor while at the airport. In this case, the Kostova Airport Authority (NAA) requires; Â  Baggage trolleys: to help the customer in carrying his/ her luggage from one place to another. Therefore, such carts should not be too heavy in weight. It should be made up of lightweight material, yet with sufficient strength to withstand daily impacts and comparatively heavyweights. The baggage carts must also be made in such a manner that the while moving the cart, the luggage should not fall on the ground, which might result in more difficulties for the visitor. The carts must have lightweight and friction freewheels, which could be easily nudged by the visitor. The general complaint about such carts is that their wheels tend to fall apart or become immovable. NAA should try to avoid such situations. Â  Small tow tractors: These types of tractors are generally used to carry some luggage, maintenance equipment, replacement parts etc. quickly to the aircraft. These carts are generally driven by the airport staff, therefore their direct users are the employees of the NAA. But, the effective use of the tractors invariably affects the services being provided to the visitor.

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Ball Mill Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Ball Mill Essay Ball mill is the key equipment for grinding after the crush process, and it is widely used in the manufacture industries, such as cement, silicate, new building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ferrous metal, nonferrous metal and glass ceramics, and ball mill also can be used for the dry and wet grinding for all kinds of ores and other grind-able materials. 1, The impact of media materialThe generally used crushing media mateial include: various mine materials (manganese, copper, tungsten ore, chrome ore, etc. ), various types of stone (limestone, granite, gneiss, basalt, gray rock, etc. and industry coal used in power. The hardness of the media is the main basis that determines the liner plate wear, the higher hardness of the media, the shorter service life of the liner, on the contrary, if the media is with a lower hardness, the service life of the liner will be prolonged. 2, The impact of operating conditions1) Eliminate defects not timely. 2) Adjusting undeservedly makes the ball mill running at a short positions. 3, The impact of liner materialThe main parameters affecting the anti-wear effect is matching of the two index of hardness and impacting toughness of liner material. If the liner plate has a higher hardness, which means it has a good wear resistance, and the two factor basically is a proportional relationship. The impacting energy depends on the size of the diameter of steel ball and grinding tube. 4, the impact of the ball mills designing and manufacturing and the installing quality. The performance of the lining plate generally include the following two: one is to protect the cylinder; another is that the liner plate rotates at a specific speed to raise the ball to the required height to achieve the desired effect. The quality of the liner plate is also direct factor affecting the normal operation of the mill. Those above are the main factors affecting ball mill liners, we recommend that you should firstly consult the expert before you buy a ball mill. And youd better go to the manufacturers with strength production and reputable brand purchase. The structure is divided into integral type and freestanding type. Advantages of the machine are lower investment, energy saving, structure novelty, easy and safe to operate, stable and reliable performance, etc. It is suitable for mixing and milling of general and special materials.

The Human Resource Issues Faced By Coca Cola

The Human Resource Issues Faced By Coca Cola This assignment will give you an overall idea about human resource issues because Coca-Cola brought 10,000 employees, and thus doubling its workforce. In such conditions, as stated, Coca-cola faced complexity with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR management needed to conduct staff appraisal to setup objectives to achieve companys goals. 1a) Critically appraise varied human resource management perspectives and their impacts on the development of business strategy. Three varied human management perspectives are Universalist approach, fit or contingency approach and resource-based approach. Positive impacts of the Universalist approach are: not dependent on competitive strategy of organization, based on four HR policy goals (strategic integration, commitment, flexibility and equality), clarify organisational goals, considers stakeholders influence on employees performance. The negative impacts are: the goals are often unachievable, internal consistency difficult due to contradictions, some elements lead to confusion. Positive impacts of the fit or contingency approach are: provides a simple framework showing how selection, appraisal, development and rewards can be mutually geared to produce required employee performance. Negative impacts of this approach are: does not address what to do if unable to produce required employee behavior and performance, assumes employees will behave as requested. Positive impacts of the resource-based approach are: its concerned with the relationships between internal (HR) resources, strategy and firm performance, focuses on achieving competitive advantage using human capital, focus on behavior, skills, knowledge, attitudes and competencies, involves measuring, reporting and managing human capital, organisation can loan human capital. Negative impacts are: requires coherent framework in order to decide on the measures, and refers to people as human capital. 1b) What are the current situations/difficulties regarding these issues in Coca-Cola and Dabur companies? Coca-Cola changed their pay rate in line with other Indian companies, thus meaning it was dependent on their competitive strategy. This does not follow the Universalist approach as it contradicts their decision. Coca-Cola instead adapted the resource-based approach; they focused on achieving competitive advantage by investing in developing human capital. The fact they concentrated significantly on human resource development satisfied several criteria of this approach. Dabur to some degree maintained the universalist approach as it provided clarity of goals (the three-fold recommendations), and it recognized the majority stakeholders (the Burman family) influence in creating a family-oriented working environment for its employees. Dabur met the criteria of the fit or contingency approach by aiming for consistency across workforce; recognizing it had to give rewards to junior sales officers and representatives for achieving target, they allowed certain employees to club their leaves and enjoy a vacation. 1c) How can they improve this situation? The best way for Coca-Cola and Dabur to improve their situation was to meet more criteria for any certain approach. E.g. Coca-Cola should concentrate on the resource-based approach as it has already met some of its criteria, whereas Dabur should concentrate on the fit or contingency approach as it has already met a lot of its criteria. By maintaining and meeting the criteria of any one approach both companies can hope to be in a better situation. 2a) Critically analyse the importance of alignment between an organizations corporate strategy and objectives, and its human resource strategy. Each of the five steps to the alignment of an organisations corporate strategy and objectives, and its human resource strategy, contribute and are of significant importance: 1. separation no relationship at this stage, thus unimportant. 2. fit -recognises importance of people in achieving organizational strategy. 3. dialogue recognises need for two-way communication and some debate. 4. holistic recognises people as the key to competitive advantage rather than a way of implementing organisational strategy. 5. HR Driven places HR strategy in prime position. 2b) Then by considering the case study compare real activities about alignment between an organizations corporate strategy and objectives in Coca Cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical view) to identify what the difficulties are regarding this issue in these companies? Coca-Cola began by recognising human resources significance in the restricting process. This led to appointment of managers in the six regions, and an area general. They then recognised the importance of two communications by ensuring the Regional General Managers report to the VP, who in turn report to the CEO. Coca-Cola then took the fourth step by recognising their employees as the key to competitive advantage by bringing together employees from different work cultures and value systems. Their final step was to put the employees in prime position by taking a strategic level decision to turn itself into people-driven company. Dabur used HR strategy as an important part of its restructuring process. It started by recognising the importance of people in achieving the organisational strategy by introducing employee friendly initiatives like annual sales conferences. It then recognised two-way communication by introducing an interactive newsletter. It further recognised employees as key to competitive advantage by commissioning consultants to formulate an employee stock Option Plan. To put HR in prime position they decided to extend the scheme. 2c). How can you solve these problems? Coca-colas problems were the number of employees leaving the company. By better control of the unrest among employees, and by other means such as not downgrading the centres, would have allowed Coca-Cola to avoid this crisis. Problem was Dabur didnt use HR strategy as significantly. If HR strategy played a bigger role in the organisational strategy it would have been more beneficial to the Dabur. 3a). Judge the required processes of assessing the effectiveness of a given human resource strategy and its impact on overall corporate strategy. In assessing the effectiveness of a HR strategy we use the below issues: the HR approach by reaching the corporate strategy objectives. We evaluated the impact of human resource (HR) managers capabilities on HR management effectiveness and the latters impact on corporate strategy. Effectiveness is associated with capabilities and attributes of HR staff. We also found relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value. Findings were consistent across market and accounting measures of performance and with corrections for biases. 3b). What are the existing condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? Coca-Cola HR carefully revised plan to achieve goals, or developing/carrying-out planned strategies. Coca-cola decreased payment and additional facilities for the employees. Virtually they compact the needless extra facilites. At the first phase Coca-Cola HR strategy could not develop leadership and management released a flow of records which led the company to loss with extra outlay. Darbur has a people-leaning work culture, therefore has no proper HR development to target. The evaluation of companionship earnings and expenses is not vigorously monitored it was a stride following its competitors. From the case study we could not find any loot system from the Dabur before restricting. According to information given Dabur is a family business so the relation between family members are okay but the relation between employees and higher management might be problematic. 3c) How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue? The companies need to reform their organization and make sure that changes need to be accepted by people. The concern is Coca-cola need a stable leader. Because need of business chiefs will affect companys direction and profits. The rewards are incentives, oversee operation etc. Also, employee encouragement needed for better outcome. 4a) Argue the appropriate human resource strategies for organizations facing mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate finance world. We have little information regarding these events. To understand and study the authors mainly developed a connectional framework. HR management gives a border process of leaning model. This model represents similarities and complements of merging companies. The HR strategies are different for each company, and also depend on circumstances. The merger, acquisition, strategies and joint venture take place because of four motives. Those are enlargement and synergy. Actually human resources management will study both motives of these companies. They will decide whether they will merge or acquisition a company for faster growth synergy, if these companies rapidly increase. We can say using the change in technique. In some company merger or acquisition planning, we need to understand what we are getting into (Do I go ahead? Adjust the price? Walk away?). This is your one shot in underst anding the business before closing the deal. You also want to reduce any post-acquisition surprises (what will we need to work on after acquisition; integration issues, personnel issues, obsolete equipment requiring replacement, warranty exposures, major contracts, and customers base). An important key to remember is Its not only the numbers! 4b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of HR strategies in the occasions of mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures in Coca Cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? In the case study Coca-cola used the HR management strategy. Coca-Cola merged with four bottling companies. Coca-cola used growth and synergy for these merges. This means harder HR issues because of merges, Coca-Cola brought 10000 employees, meaning doubled work force. In this condition Coca-cola faced complexity with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR management needed to decrease outlay. With too much labor they cannot be so, they discharge people so it threats an unstable situation. 4c). How these problems can be solved? As of the company outlook, if they want to reduce employees, then they can do so, but from employees view these dismissals affect their families. So companies could consider the employees experience with them. By providing compensation for dismissal there is fairness (HR management has to balance both side). 5a) Appraise different methods of employees selection. The different methods of employees selection are as follows: Interview: Positive sides of interviews are: have the chance to see how the person dress, speak, communicate, behave, whether clean or not, and learn their personalities. Negatives are: stressful for interviewees, very subjective, talking is not everything, unable to explore technical skills, and personality clashes. Assessment centres: Positives are: candidates like them and generally predict job performance accurately. Negatives are: slow process, costly method and not always reliable. Psychometric tests: Psychometric tests (test for normal or abnormal personality, ability or intelligence, interests or attitudes) are used along with assessment centres, as it gives a better evaluation than either used alone. Work simulations: Candidates are put into small scale job situations. Full Reference checks: Consider the reference letters, contact people who recommended applicants, contact applicants manager or colleagues, get information from independent assessors. CV/Biographical information: Positive side: its a very good source of information regarding the applicant. But, negative side is that it is useful only if real and true. Graphology: Involves analyzing handwriting in relation to human psychology. Positive side: helps understand applicants personality. Negative side: based fully on psychological decisions. 5b) What are the current situations/difficulties regarding these issue in these companies? Coca-cola appointed a new CEO, a VP (Operations), six Regional General Manager. They also appointed Arthur Anderson to inspect accounts in North India. Dabur appointed a new CEO and 3 vice presidents. 5c) How can they improve this situation? Coca-cola needs to ensure they hire trustworthy and uncorrupted employees in order to avoid scandals like the one they faced with the North India operations. As it is the first time Dabur is taking such a step by reorganising their structure, it would be best to hire a professional external recruitment agency as they would have better experience and knowledge regarding hiring employees then Dabur would. 6a) Critically assess strategies for employee deployment, redeployment, poor performance and retention. Employee Deployment is the number of employees required in each department, time period for which they are required and the skills required. Employee Redeployment is transferring employees from one department/position to another for effectiveness. Poor Performance is mainly due to Lack of Ability (lack of training or resources) and Low Motivation (lack of desire and commitment). Employee Retention is the policies and practices used by companies to stop valuable employees from leaving (mainly because they spend considerable time, effort and money to find, recruit and train employees). 6b) Then by considering the case study compare real activities about employee development, performance and retention in Coca Cola Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to identify what the difficulties are regarding these issues in these companies? Coca-cola decided to employ new managers and senior officers, which required Employee Deployment, during their restructuring. They used Employee Redeployment in order to ensure the new 10,000 employees brought from merger were being used efficiently. They tried combating Poor Performance by introducing talent development meetings, training and foreign internship. But, couldnt prevent Employee Retention as 40 managers and some senior personnel left. Dabur used Employee Deployment to employ new senior officers (i.e. a CEO and three Vice Presidents) and restructure their business. Dabur tried to prevent Poor Performance by introducing newsletters for better employee communication. Dabur maintained Employee Retention as they successfully kept hold of employees. 6c) How can you solve these problems? Coca-cola can solve this problem by preventing Employee Retention by putting in place policies and practices to stop employees leaving. Dabur could be more efficient by using Employee Redeployment. 7a). Assess the relative importance of the creation of the learning organization through self-managed learning, the promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge management. Learning organization is the organizations ability to use mental capacity of its members to create the processes that will improve its own. The technical view assumes that organizational learning is about the effective processing interpretation of, and response to, information both inside and outside the organization. The points below will help understand why the learning organization is important to both companies, they are: Awareness of new and different perspectives. Personal growth and development. Ability to see complexities in making decisions. Awareness of new options and ability to create options Companies to thinking about reduce to the work force, as they have double than required. Sense of career directions. The promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge management: Intellectual capital is knowledge that can be exploited for money making or other useful purpose. The term combines the idea of the intellect or brain power with the economic concept of capital, the saving of entitled benefits so that they can be invested in producing more goods and services. Enhance productivity through improved creation, access and distribution of knowledge. Promoting changed organization to achieve more effective knowledge management. Coordinating technology and human resource development. The management of the intellectual capital in the knowledge intensive organization might also contribute positively to individual well being, as well argue. Knowledge management is the first competency that an organization needs to develop for the management of intellectual capital. Knowledge management constitutes the ability of an organization to learn, to remember what it learned, and to leverage what it learned internally and externally. Internally by transferring it to different workers and department. Externally by sharing it with suppliers distributors partners and customers. 7b). What are the existing condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? There were difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur. They are: learning organization, intellectual capital, knowledge management. Difficulties of learning organization: there is no problem with teaching workers presentation skills. Coca cola and Daburs scheme did not. Companies thought about reducing employees. Intellectual capital is more difficult to put a value on, the extent to which it has loyal customers, how it is regarded in the local community and the extent to which it has long term satisfactory relationship with key external agencies. For company recruitment of pupils from the local catchments area might seem an obvious surrogate but it is not a good measure on its own as parents often have no choice. Difficulties of knowledge management: reports about successful and failed knowledge management initiatives using various IT systems exist, it is important to analyse the reports before defining the requirement of a knowledge management. The following list shows the problems and they are; Restructuring are a big part of both company, it has to resolve. System not accepted. Lack of user uptake due to insufficient communication. Information is not classified properly in knowledge management system. Using theoretical knowledge for practical problem. Lack of time and training. The knowledge distribution system does not make sense. Knowledge management not integrated into normal work procedures. 7c). How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue? Difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur: negative media reports, heavy investment in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips for bottlers. Both companies think about reducing employees. Hence, we believe the below discussions may help to improve their situation regarding the above mentioned issues: We must be completely updated on current assignments and accomplishments of employees. If employees do not have own initiatives to work, then HR consultants need to review the situation with the employee to achieve more work progress and to reduce employees. Specify problems with productivity, quality of work, interactions with co-workers, clients or any other problematic behaviour/incidents in the office. If there are specific complaints from supervisors, clients and customers we should read them and conduct necessary investigation to obtain full details and follow proper procedure regarding how we are handled Coca Cola and Dabur evaluation. 8a) Critically evaluate the role of performance review and strategies for management development. The Appraisal Scheme aims to identify the management development needs of staff in order to improve the performance of individuals and of the organisation to achieve companys key objectives. We believe, itss responsible for the line manager to check and review each objectives every year. 6-monthly interim reviews are optional. Such as: staffs need to know how they can contribute to organisational success review past performance develop potential and help improve current performance maintain high performance set up both companies objectives to achieve companies goals assess learning and management development needs Appraisal link assessment for future development with current performance. It provides a stronger role for line management in development. It gives the individual the opportunity to discuss his or her career intentions concerns and views with somebody else. It becomes a vehicle for mentoring where the manager is supported and provided with development opportunities. Performance management is strategic in the sense it is concerned with the broader issues facing businesses if its to function effectively in its environment and with the general direction in which the business intends to go. 8b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of performance review and management development in Coca-cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? Both companies have difficulties with media reports, heavy investment in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips, we also believe both companies managers hasnt conducted the staff performance review and havent given objectives to employees. They had other staff during that period and so was having financial looses. As best practice management development is best described as the process from which managers learn and improve their skills, investment in management development can have economic benefits to the organization. 8c). How these problems can be solved? Discussion below may help improve Coca Cola and Daburs problems: leadership and motivation creates and maintains an effective/motivating environment where people strive for quality of service and is supportive of all staff; fosters a commitment for achieving companies goals consultant managers will meet with employees at the end of the evaluation period to formally discuss, evaluate and develop companys new goals. reduce employees requires promotion and advertising talent managers have to setup objectives for the employees to achieve companys goals for the coming years identify and implement changes to improve performance to provide a clear understanding of how to be successful provide feedback regarding employees performance and development role-based performance metrics and look at training needs across a group Conclusion: The company outlook to reduce employees, so companies could consider employees experience, provide compensation for dismissal. Advertising and promotion required for both companies to achieve goals. Performance of employees is evaluated. We also found relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value. The companies need reorganization with expert employees to overcome the issues faced. REFERENCE:

Is Popularization of Science Possible? Essay -- Science Research Paper

Is Popularization of Science Possible? ABSTRACT: If the philosophy of science wants to pass along its views adequately to the public, it is important that the latter have a basic general understanding of science. Only in this way can "popularization of science" be meaningful from a philosophical and educational point of view. Is "good" popularization a possibility or merely a utopian phantasm. I conclude that popularization of science is possible if certain conditions are met. Scientists have to take responsibility and be honest in their efforts, both toward science as well as the public. Introduction Popularization of science is nothing else than an endeavour to image scientific ideas in such a way that everyone (especially non-scientists) can grasp the fundamental concepts and have an idea of what science in essence is. Of course, no one really knows what 'science' is, not even the scientists themselves. Philosophers trying to describe what the scientific method could be and others trying to put down what the scientific method should be, found out (it took them a lot of time) that there is nothing like the 'one and only' scientific approach. The impossibility to give a distinct and unique definition follows. Nevertheless, the phenomenon 'science' and its results do exist. Although nobody can tell exactly what 'science' is all about, everyone should have an idea anyway. The question at stake here is whether this is possible and, if so, to what extent. Mapping Science Let us take the following into consideration. The best map one can make is, evidently, a scale 1:1 parallel projection of the surface one wants to chart. But such a map is clearly lumpish to handle and quite superfluous. In extremis, the most accura... ...lts on the big bang have brought mystery back to the cosmos. Dent, 1992. Gustaaf Cornelis, Popularization of Science. The Democratization of Knowledge in Perspective. Communication and Cognition 29 (2) 1996. Dennis Dieks, "The Quantum Mechanical Worldpicture and Its Popularization" in Cornelis 1996, 153-168. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time. Bantam Press, 1988/1997. ________, A Brief History of Time. An Interactive Adventure. CD-ROM (created by Jim Mervis and Robit Hairman), Blasterware, 1994. ________ and Roger PENROSE, The Nature of Space and Time. Princeton University Press, 1996. David Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened. Simon and Schuster, 1991. Ilya Prigogine and Gustaaf Cornelis, "Unity between Science and Culture." In Cornelis 1996, 239-248. Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World. Science as a candle in the dark. Headline, 1996.

Database Design P1, M1 & D1 Essay

Database is a place to store lots of data, imagine it as a giant virtual filling cabinet that can be organized in many ways. There’s software called (DBMS) which stands for database management system which allows the user to manage data in database such as; create, delete or update. Entities Entities are objects with significant mass and purpose, in database entities are tables. Every table contains many fields/attributes. The user must create a table before inputting any data. When creating a table you need to define a few things, data type, fields name & a description. Fields Name This is a column heading, this will display the title for the column etc first name, last name, address. Data Type This is the content of the data & the data type decides what content can be inputted & the file size. Description This is used to explain the content & shows a list of ‘limitations’ the user can change to get a more accurate reading etc. input mask. Attributes A characteristic, for example; a field has many attributes such as data like numbers or letters. Attributes can be used as a synonym for a â€Å"field†. In DOS systems, each files has an attribute, each file has many properties that shows if the file is â€Å"read only†, visible or encrypted. Queries A query is use for searching some specific record. It allow user to set conditions and then search the record which match the conditions. User also is able to make the search mix up with other table and sort the order of the result. Reports A Report is a summary of record. Everything you plain to print should put inside. Its purpose is for user to view information quickly and easily so display the result simply and efficiently is the main point. Forms Form is used for collect and edits information and transfers them to table. It is similar to application forms that allow user to fill in or delete their data easily and it also able to let user design own user interface. User can insert as much control as they like to build the user interface beautifully. Relationships Relationship types Database relationships are very similar in that they’re associations between tables. There are three types of relationships: One-to-one: both tables of the relationship have one field that matches up, for example; a married couple that both have a child that has no relation to the other partner. This rarely ever happens in a business organization One-to-many: one-to-many is where one table has none/one or many relations with the other table’s fields but the other table has only none/one field. For example, you have only one mother, but your mother may have several children. Many-to-many: Both tables have one/many relations to each other’s fields. Usually in this instance there are usually 3 tables. Benefits The benefits of having databases online are that it’s easier & quicker to do. The amount of paper saved & room is very beneficial. Its quicker & easier for the user to find important data in the database. The user can make forms to find & read information easier. The user can set rules to make the data input more accurate & legit. You can save the information on multiple storage units (hard drives) So if the information has been tampered with, there’s always a spare copy somewhere safe. Task 2 Primary key The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each attribute in the table. Primary keys could be a unique attribute such as â€Å"social security number† for a person or student etc. Primary keys may consist of a single attribute or multiple attributes in combination. Primary keys connect tables together in relationships Referential integrity There is a feature with databases called relational database management systems (RDBMS’s) that prevents users or applications from entering inconsistent data. Most RDBMS’s have referential integrity rules that you can apply when you create a relationship between two entities. For example, suppose Table B has a foreign key that points to a field in Table A. Referential integrity would prevent you from adding a record to Table B that cannot be linked to Table A. In addition, if I deleted a attribute in table A, if it is linked to table B, the data that is connecting both attributes will be deleted. This is called cascading delete. Finally, the referential integrity rules could specify that whenever you modify the value of a linked field in Table A, all records in Table B that are linked to it will also be modified accordingly. This is called cascading update. D1: Analyse Potential Errors in the Design & Construction of a Database and explain how these can be avoided There are many common errors that could occur while using database, it’s important to understand how these common error happen & what causes them. Deletion of records & fields Deleting important records & fields happen quite commonly, it’s caused by the user or by accident. If this does happen its always safe to know there is a copy of the data saved somewhere else in case this happens. It’s good to have a refresh back up time for 1 hour so every hour, the data renews itself. Human error leads to corruption or loss of fields so to ensure this doesn’t happen it would be best to set administrative rights to the right users so only the right people can edit or delete fields, if the wrong people try to use the database, an error or password will be shown. Making more than 1 copy of the data is wise just in case something happens to the first copy. Incorrect data types To decrease the chances of getting incorrect data types in database, its best to put input masks on the fields. This stops incorrect data being imputed on data forms like sign-up sheets. It’s also wise to have multiple choice questions & drop down menus; this makes it more accurate to get correct data. Using drop down menus makes it easier & quicker for the user to get a positive & effective data results. By using the drop down menus & multiple choice questions, it ensures correct spelling & grammar of important information. Validation To ensure the data is imputed clean & correct you need to use validation rules. This is done by setting rules in the design view where the user can set what data can be imputed & what is invalid. An effective tool is the â€Å"limit checker† where the user can set a limit to the amount of characters that can be imputed into the database. Range checks are effective to ensure etc. birthdays, it sets the month from 1-12 & has a set range to when the  person was born etc. 1950-2014 (we are currently on 2014 so I don’t need to extend the range). Grammar checks are there to make sure the data isn’t misspelt, it also makes personal information & letters easier to produce. There’s a rule that can be set up on database that checks the inputted data for any incorrect information, if it finds something wrong, an error message will pop up & notify the user. Null Values Null values is similar to validation in where the user needs to input data & there are a set of rules to ensure the user inputs the correct/legitimate data however null values are shown when no data has been inputted into a specific textbox. An error message will pop up if no data is put into a specific field, this rule is usually put on by the user as when starting database, you get a lot of blank fields. This rule is useful for fields that need data in them such as â€Å"personal details†, â€Å"bank details† etc. If the user doesn’t type in anything into the textbox & clicks â€Å"accept† or â€Å"enter† an error message will pop up notifying the user about the null values. The boxes with errors are marked differently to the textboxes without errors, this is to clearly identify where the error is & makes its easier & quicker for the user to resolve.

Movie Analysis Girl Dragon Tattoo

The Hero’s journey is a classic form of storytelling that has been used for thousands of years. All stories share common elements in their structure. In today’s modern films the representations of these elements have been warped and twisted but remain for the most part unchanged. This paper follows the foreign film The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo directed by Niels Arden Oplev and based on the book by Stieg Larsson through the Hero’s Journey.There was something lost in watching the film with subtitles; by not knowing the language there is an element lost in the film. â€Å"however, in an effort to have the subtitles match the action on screen, the subtlety, idiom, and nuance of a language are often and by necessity, neglected. † (Barsam & Monahan, 2010) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in essence tells two parallel Hero’s Journey’s which mesh and split over the course of the film. In the Ordinary World we’re introduced to Mikale Blomkvis t (Michael Nyqvist) and Lizbeth Salander (Noomi Rapace).We find Mikale a defeated investigative journalist found guilty of libel and Lizbeth a 24 quiet, Goth hacker. Mikale’s sentence appears as a Call to Adventure with him spend more time with his sister and relatives before he’s due to serve his jail time. In the context of the film it is the beginning of his journey. The Call to Adventure is typically characterized by a challenge or problem being introduced or becoming more significant. Lizbeth’s is the appointment of her new guardian; a cruel and abusive man that takes control of her life.Mikale’s Call to Adventure is being contacted by billionaire Henrik Vanger (Sven-Bertil Taube) to investigate the disappearance of his niece Harriet, who vanished 40 years ago. The Refusal of the Call is an unwillingness to change to meet the challenge or solve the problem. This is seen in the film by Lizbeth waling out of a meeting with her guardian after refusing t o answer questions about her life. With Mikale the Refusal is shown by his reluctance to the investigation for Henrik brought on by his defeat in court. The Meeting of the Mentor involves overcoming this reluctance and initial problem.In The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo the mentor for either Lizbeth or Mikale is different from the norm usually associated with the role. For Lizbeth dealing with the abusive guardian she is mentored in dealing with this problem by drawing from herself and her past experiences, using her own talents to solve her issues with him permanently. Mikale’s mentor is not one person but two; he is encouraged by both Henrik and Harriet through the things and words she left behind. In Crossing the Threshold the hero accepts the challenge entering into the special world.Mikale enters the special world is signified twice in the film; first when he agrees to investigate Harriet’s disappearance and second when he arrives where she disappeared a remote, gl oomy island with chilling weather and frost residents. Lizbeth Crosses the Threshold in two different times in the film first when she is forced to deal with her guardian when she needs money for a new computer and then when she emails Mikale involving herself in the world he is submersed in. The Tests, Allies, and Enemies section is the section of the journey where the hero encounters tests and meets allies and enemies just as the title implies.In The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo the Tests, Allies, and Enemies is a rather long stretch of the film that despite its length maintains interest and suspense. This section of the journey can be split in half. In the first half Lizbeth and Mikale continue along the own Hero’s Journey; in the second half their journey’s have merged together. In the first half Lizbeth faces several tests and confronts her enemy. Her tests manifest in her abuse at the hands of her guardian and her subsequent defeat of him completing in a way Lizbe th’s minor Hero’s Journey.Lizbeth’s next significant test is where her journey begins to mesh with Mikale’s. During Mikale’s first half of the Tests, Allies, and Enemies section he begins to sort through the mounds of evidence and information accumulated over the years. His first test begins with him reigniting his journalistic spark for him to truly investigate this mystery. During the beginning of his investigation he is introduced or told of the other members of the Vanger family where he seems to find allies in Martin Vanger (Peter Haber) and his wife.With Henrik’s suspicions and information the rest of the Vanger family becomes his suspects and enemies. Mikale finds his allies in Henrik and chief of police Morell (Bjorn Granath). In the second half of the section the journeys of Lizbeth and Mikale mesh. â€Å"She finds her own emotional needs nurtured by the nature of the case† (Ebert, 2010) compelling Lizbeth to send Mikale an e mail when she notices a pattern while looking through his files. After initial contact they become allies in solving the case.Working together as allies they discover a disturbing revelation about the nature of Harriet’s disappearance. Approaching the Inmost Cave is the stage where the hero prepares for the coming confrontation. This is where Mikale takes what he and Lizbeth have gathered to update Henrik. This leads the film to the Ordeal where the Hero faces the crisis, fear, and death. This manifests in the film with the family on the island confronting Mikale to express their concerns over his investigation, after which the island seems darker with suspicion everywhere.The central point of the Ordeal is that after the meeting while running through the woods someone takes several shots at Mikale, nearly killing him. The Reward where the hero is rewarded for surviving the ordeal is represented in the film by Mikale and Lizbeth with help from Morell get the last clue that ma kes all the other pieces of the puzzle fit together. This sets them on the path to solving the mystery. The Road Back Sequence is the point in the journey where the hero recommits to completing the journey.This is represented by Mikale and Lizbeth using the secret they discovered to find who they believe was responsible for all that happened. While Lizbeth investigates records for proof of identity Mikale investigates the suspect’s house where he is nearly shot, till he is rescued by one of his allies. Lizbeth makes a startling discovery in the records and rushes to alert Mikale, who has been captured by the one responsible. The Resurrection is where the Hero faces the final challenge on the threshold home.This is shown when Mikale learns the truth straight from the mouth and his life hangs by a thread. As he faces death Lizbeth returns in time to save him. The police arrive and the truth comes out to all. The last part of the Hero’s Journey is the Return with the Elix ir. This where has happened in the special world has benefits in the ordinary world. In the ordinary world Mikale revives a gift from Lizbeth while serving his sentence which helps with his renewed inspiration for journalism. Lizbeth takes from her journey the courage to make amends with her past and to move on with her future.